Python语言的特点技巧有哪些？

每个窍门或语言特性只能通过实例来验证，无需过多解释。虽然我已尽力使例子清晰，但它们中的一些仍会看起来有些复杂，这取决于你的熟悉程度。所以如果看过例子后还不清楚的话，标题能够提供足够的信息让你通过Google获取详细的内容。

列表按难度排序，常用的语言特征和技巧放在前面。

1.1 分拆

>>> a, b, c = 1, 2, 3 
>>> a, b, c  
(1, 2, 3)  
>>> a, b, c = [1, 2, 3]  
>>> a, b, c  
(1, 2, 3)  
>>> a, b, c = (2 * i + 1 for i in range(3))  
>>> a, b, c  
(1, 3, 5)  
>>> a, (b, c), d = [1, (2, 3), 4]  
>>> a  
1 
>>> b  
2 
>>> c  
3 
>>> d  
4

1.2 交换变量分拆

>>> a, b = 1, 2 
>>> a, b = b, a  
>>> a, b  
(2, 1)

1.3 拓展分拆 (Python 3下适用)

>>> a, *b, c = [1, 2, 3, 4, 5]  
>>> a  
1 
>>> b  
[2, 3, 4]  
>>> c  
5

1.4 负索引

>>> a = [0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10]  
>>> a[-1]  
10 
>>> a[-3]  
8

1.5 列表切片 (a[start:end])

>>> a = [0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10]  
>>> a[2:8]  
[2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7]

1.6 使用负索引的列表切片

>>> a = [0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10]  
>>> a[-4:-2]  
[7, 8]

1.7 带步进值的列表切片 (a[start:end:step])

>>> a = [0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10]  
>>> a[::2]  
[0, 2, 4, 6, 8, 10]  
>>> a[::3]  
[0, 3, 6, 9]  
>>> a[2:8:2]  
[2, 4, 6]

1.8 负步进值得列表切片

>>> a = [0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10]  
>>> a[::-1]  
[10, 9, 8, 7, 6, 5, 4, 3, 2, 1, 0]  
>>> a[::-2]  
[10, 8, 6, 4, 2, 0]

1.9 列表切片赋值

>>> a = [1, 2, 3, 4, 5]  
>>> a[2:3] = [0, 0]  
>>> a  
[1, 2, 0, 0, 4, 5]  
>>> a[1:1] = [8, 9]  
>>> a  
[1, 8, 9, 2, 0, 0, 4, 5]  
>>> a[1:-1] = []  
>>> a  
[1, 5]

1.10 命名切片 (slice(start, end, step))

>>> a = [0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5]  
>>> LASTTHREE = slice(-3, None)  
>>> LASTTHREE  
slice(-3, None, None)  
>>> a[LASTTHREE]  
[3, 4, 5]

1.11 zip打包解包列表和倍数

>>> a = [1, 2, 3]  
>>> b = ['a', 'b', 'c']  
>>> z = zip(a, b)  
>>> z  
[(1, 'a'), (2, 'b'), (3, 'c')]  
>>> zip(*z)  
[(1, 2, 3), ('a', 'b', 'c')]

1.12 使用zip合并相邻的列表项

>>> a = [1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6]  
>>> zip(*([iter(a)] * 2))  
[(1, 2), (3, 4), (5, 6)]  
>>> group_adjacent = lambda a, k: zip(*([iter(a)] * k))  
>>> group_adjacent(a, 3)  
[(1, 2, 3), (4, 5, 6)]  
>>> group_adjacent(a, 2)  
[(1, 2), (3, 4), (5, 6)]  
>>> group_adjacent(a, 1)  
[(1,), (2,), (3,), (4,), (5,), (6,)]  
>>> zip(a[::2], a[1::2])  
[(1, 2), (3, 4), (5, 6)]  
>>> zip(a[::3], a[1::3], a[2::3])  
[(1, 2, 3), (4, 5, 6)]  
>>> group_adjacent = lambda a, k: zip(*(a[i::k] for i in range(k)))  
>>> group_adjacent(a, 3)  
[(1, 2, 3), (4, 5, 6)]  
>>> group_adjacent(a, 2)  
[(1, 2), (3, 4), (5, 6)]  
>>> group_adjacent(a, 1)  
[(1,), (2,), (3,), (4,), (5,), (6,)]

1.13 使用zip和iterators生成滑动窗口 (n -grams)

>>> from itertools import islice  
>>> def n_grams(a, n):  
...     z = (islice(a, i, None) for i in range(n))  
...     return zip(*z)  
...  
>>> a = [1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6]  
>>> n_grams(a, 3)  
[(1, 2, 3), (2, 3, 4), (3, 4, 5), (4, 5, 6)]  
>>> n_grams(a, 2)  
[(1, 2), (2, 3), (3, 4), (4, 5), (5, 6)]  
>>> n_grams(a, 4)  
[(1, 2, 3, 4), (2, 3, 4, 5), (3, 4, 5, 6)]

1.14 使用zip反转字典

>>> m = {'a': 1, 'b': 2, 'c': 3, 'd': 4}  
>>> m.items()  
[('a', 1), ('c', 3), ('b', 2), ('d', 4)]  
>>> zip(m.values(), m.keys())  
[(1, 'a'), (3, 'c'), (2, 'b'), (4, 'd')]  
>>> mi = dict(zip(m.values(), m.keys()))  
>>> mi  
{1: 'a', 2: 'b', 3: 'c', 4: 'd'}